COVID-19 and risk assessment room for public health in four Colombian crossborder territories / COVID-19 y salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia

Introduction: Public health risk management in Colombia is led by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. In the face of the COVID-19 emergency, response actions centered on the implementation of risk analysis rooms and the strengthening of surveillance at points of entry into the country. Objective: To analyze the implementation and maintenance phases of the COVID-19 risk analysis rooms in four border departments of Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative study of public health risk analysis rooms for COVID-19. We reviewed the documentation and data generated from March to June, 2020, in the departments of Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía, and Putumayo. We did semi-structured interviews with key actors and analyzed the answers using the NVivo plus version 11 application in three cycles: open coding, identification of emerging categories, and modeling by analyzing the identified strengths and weaknesses. Results: We identified the components of the incident command structure and the relationships between the public health areas. Strengths were evidenced in the integration of the areas: the management of information in real time, the border surveillance and the capabilities of rapid response teams, while weaknesses appeared in planning, community surveillance, and risk communication processes. Conclusions: Risk analysis rooms constitute a joint effort at the national and local levels which has promoted the articulated participation of all actors in the analysis of information and the optimization of an organized response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introducción. La gestión del riesgo de salud pública en Colombia es liderada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Ante la emergencia de la COVID-19, se articularon acciones de respuesta mediante salas de análisis del riesgo y se fortaleció la vigilancia en los puntos de entrada al país. Objetivo. Analizar las fases de implementación y mantenimiento de las salas de análisis del riesgo de COVID-19 en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo de salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública para COVID-19. Se revisaron la documentación y los datos generados en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020 en Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía y Putumayo, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas clave, las cuales se analizaron con el aplicativo NVivo plus, versión 11, en tres ciclos: codificación abierta, establecimiento de categorías emergentes y modelación mediante el análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas detectadas. Resultados. Se determinaron los componentes de la estructura de comando de incidentes y las relaciones entre las áreas de salud pública. Se encontraron fortalezas en la integración de las áreas, el manejo de la información en tiempo real, la vigilancia en las fronteras y las capacidades de los equipos de respuesta inmediata. Se detectaron debilidades en los procesos de planeación, vigilancia comunitaria y comunicación del riesgo. Conclusiones. Las salas de análisis del riesgo constituyen un esfuerzo conjunto del nivel local y nacional que han promovido la participación articulada de los actores, para analizar la información y optimizar la respuesta organizada durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

COVID-19 y salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia / COVID-19 and risk assessment room for public health in four Colombian crossborder territories

Introducción. La gestión del riesgo de salud pública en Colombia es liderada por el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Ante la emergencia de la COVID-19, se articularon acciones de respuesta mediante salas de análisis del riesgo y se fortaleció la vigilancia en los puntos de entrada al país. Objetivo. Analizar las fases de implementación y mantenimiento de las salas de análisis del riesgo de COVID-19 en cuatro departamentos fronterizos de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio cualitativo de salas de análisis del riesgo en salud pública para COVID-19. Se revisaron la documentación y los datos generados en el periodo de marzo a junio de 2020 en Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía y Putumayo, y se hicieron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas clave, las cuales se analizaron con el aplicativo NVivo plus, versión 11, en tres ciclos: codificación abierta, establecimiento de categorías emergentes y modelación mediante el análisis de las debilidades y fortalezas detectadas. Resultados. Se determinaron los componentes de la estructura de comando de incidentes y las relaciones entre las áreas de salud pública. Se encontraron fortalezas en la integración de las áreas, el manejo de la información en tiempo real, la vigilancia en las fronteras y las capacidades de los equipos de respuesta inmediata. Se detectaron debilidades en los procesos de planeación, vigilancia comunitaria y comunicación del riesgo. Conclusiones. Las salas de análisis del riesgo constituyen un esfuerzo conjunto del nivel local y nacional que han promovido la participación articulada de los actores, para analizar la información y optimizar la respuesta organizada durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Introduction: Public health risk management in Colombia is led by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. In the face of the COVID-19 emergency, response actions centered on the implementation of risk analysis rooms and the strengthening of surveillance at points of entry into the country. Objective: To analyze the implementation and maintenance phases of the COVID-19 risk analysis rooms in four border departments of Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a qualitative study of public health risk analysis rooms for COVID-19. We reviewed the documentation and data generated from March to June, 2020, in the departments of Amazonas, Vichada, Guainía, and Putumayo. We did semi-structured interviews with key actors and analyzed the answers using the NVivo plus version 11 application in three cycles: open coding, identification of emerging categories, and modeling by analyzing the identified strengths and weaknesses. Results: We identified the components of the incident command structure and the relationships between the public health areas. Strengths were evidenced in the integration of the areas: the management of information in real time, the border surveillance and the capabilities of rapid response teams, while weaknesses appeared in planning, community surveillance, and risk communication processes. Conclusions: Risk analysis rooms constitute a joint effort at the national and local levels which has promoted the articulated participation of all actors in the analysis of information and the optimization of an organized response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity associated to peri-urban living places in pregnant women in a rural area of Buenos Aires province, Argentina.

Infection with Toxoplasma gondii is very common in humans throughout the world, the intake of raw or undercooked meat with tissue cysts and fruits, vegetables and water contaminated with parasite oocysts being the main routes of infection. Here, we analyzed the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in pregnant females (age 13-44 years; n = 920) between April 2014 and December 2017 from Chascomús (Argentina), a city immersed in a rural area. Altogether 320 tested positive for immunoglobulin G antibodies, yielding an overall seroprevalence of 34.8% (CI 95%: 31.7-37.9). No association was observed between seropositivity and age. In addition, by using the QGIS 3.2.1 software we analyzed the geographical distribution of 769 (83.6%) pregnant females in two main areas of the city: Urban (n = 157) and Peri-urban (n = 612) with a seroprevalence of 26.8% (CI 95%: 19.8-33.7) and 36.4% (CI 95%: 32.6-40.3) respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.023). Furthermore, we assessed through a questionnaire survey, between April 2016 to December 2017, possible risk factors such as activity (urban and rural), home water supply, animal husbandry, presence of cats as pets, gardening and consumption of meat and its derivatives (pork, sheep meat and sausages) and their frequencies (consumption per week), not finding significant association with seropositivity. Significant differences was found when the seroprevalence was analyzed between the urban and peri-urban neighborhoods of the city of Chascomús. The higher seroprevalence in peri-urban neighborhoods could be due to an unfavorable socioeconomic situation and/or to undeveloped peri-urban environments, which is a risk factor that should be taken into account when planning the health care of pregnant females.

Vigilancia molecular de la malaria en potenciales reservorios silvestres que viven en una región históricamente endémica de Paraguay / Molecular surveillance of malaria in potential wild reservoirs that live in a historically endemic region of Paraguay

En Paraguay, no se han registrado casos autóctonos de malaria desde el 2011. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal en 6 monos y 23 aves que vivían en una región históricamente endémica de Paraguay para buscar presencia de reservorios silvestres de parásitos plasmodios causantes de la malaria. El ADN se extrajo por el método de Chelex a partir de una gota de sangre en un papel de filtro, y la detección del parásito se realizó mediante la PCR múltiple semianidada. Por este método, no se detectaron parásitos en ninguna de las 29 muestras. Se evaluó el riesgo potencial de circulación selvática de los parásitos que causan la malaria. Teniendo en cuenta la presencia de mosquitos anofelinos vectores en la zona, el hecho de que no se hayan observado casos positivos es un buen indicador teniendo en cuenta que nuestro país fue declarado recientemente como país libre de malaria por la OMS(AU)

In Paraguay, autochthonous cases of malaria have not been recorded since 2011. A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted in 6 monkeys and 23 birds living in a historically endemic region of Paraguay to identify wild reservoirs of plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. DNA was extracted by the Chelex method from a blood drop in a filter paper, and parasite detection was performed by the seminested multiplex PCR. By this method, parasites were not detected in any of the 29 samples. The risk of potential sylvatic circulation of the parasites causing malaria was evaluated. Considering the presence of anopheline mosquitoes in the area, the fact that we did not find any positive cases is a good indicator as our country was recently certified as a malaria-free country by the WHO(AU)

Identificación molecular del sexo en 9 especies de aves del Centro de Investigación en Animales Silvestres de la hidroeléctrica de Itaipu, lado paraguayo / Sex identification by molecular methods in 9 species of birds from the wild animal research center of Itaipu dam on the paraguayan side

La importancia de determinar el sexo en especies monomórficas que viven en cautiverio conlleva a estrategias de apareamiento a fin de poder incentivar la reproducción. Existen métodos no moleculares de reconocimiento pero son factibles en edad adulta y mucho más difícil cuando son polluelos. Mediante la técnica molecular de PCR, se amplificó el gen de la Cromo Helicasa de Unión al ADN empleando los cebadores, 2550F/2718R. Por este método molecular se consiguió determinar el sexo en 19 de 23 especies de las cuales 3 son ejemplares de: Amazona aestiva, 1 de Pipile grayi, 1 de Bubo virginianus, 4 de Ara chloropterus, 6 de Crax fasciolata, 2 de Caracara plancus, 3 de Chauna torquata, 1 de Cariama cristata y 2 de Cairina moschata del Centro de Investigación de Animales Silvestres de ITAIPU binacional, del lado paraguayo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el par de cebadores 2550F/2718R podría ser de utilidad para determinar el sexo en las especies estudiadas en el país.

In monomorphic species living in captivity, determining the sex is important because it may allow choosing mating strategies to enhance reproduction. Sex can be determined either by non-molecular recognition methods, which are only feasible in adult birds, or by molecular techniques, which may allow sexing monomorphic species at young ages. Thus, in this study, we used molecular techniques such PCR to amplifying the CHD gene by using 2550F/2718R primers. This method allowed us to determine the sex in 19 out of 23 bird specimens from the Centro de Investigación de Animales Silvestres (CIASI) of the ITAIPÚ BINACIONAL at Paraguayan side. The specimens belonged to the following species: Amazona aestiva (3), Pipile grayi (1), Bubo virginianus (1), Ara chloropterus (4), Crax fasciolata (6), Caracara plancus (2), Chauna torquata (3), Cariama cristata (1) and Cairina moschata (2). The 2550F/2718R primers were useful for determine the sex of the studied species.

Effect of ultrasonic streaming on intra-dentinal disinfection and penetration of calcium hydroxide paste in endodontic treatment

ABSTRACT Objective The antimicrobial effect of ultrasonic agitation of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes in infected bovine dentin and their penetrability were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and microbiological culture. Material and Methods Fifty-two bovine teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis using a new contamination protocol; then they received CH paste and were divided into groups with or without ultrasound. Ultrasonic agitation was conducted for 1 min with a plain point insert. After 15 d, the CLSM analyzed the viable and dead bacteria with Live and Dead assay. The dentinal wall debris was collected by burs, and the colony forming units (CFU/mL) were counted. The penetrability of the paste inside dentinal tubules was tested using the B-rodamine dye. Results The calcium hydroxide paste showed better results with the use of ultrasonic agitation (p<0.05). Conclusion The ultrasonic agitation of CH paste increased its antimicrobial action and was responsible for intradentinal penetration with the fulfilment of the tubules.

Effect of ultrasonic streaming on intra-dentinal disinfection and penetration of calcium hydroxide paste in endodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The antimicrobial effect of ultrasonic agitation of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes in infected bovine dentin and their penetrability were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and microbiological culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two bovine teeth were infected with Enterococcus faecalis using a new contamination protocol; then they received CH paste and were divided into groups with or without ultrasound. Ultrasonic agitation was conducted for 1 min with a plain point insert. After 15 d, the CLSM analyzed the viable and dead bacteria with Live and Dead assay. The dentinal wall debris was collected by burs, and the colony forming units (CFU/mL) were counted. The penetrability of the paste inside dentinal tubules was tested using the B-rodamine dye. RESULTS: The calcium hydroxide paste showed better results with the use of ultrasonic agitation (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The ultrasonic agitation of CH paste increased its antimicrobial action and was responsible for intradentinal penetration with the fulfilment of the tubules.

A new improved protocol for in vitro intratubular dentinal bacterial contamination for antimicrobial endodontic tests: standardization and validation by confocal laser scanning microscopy

Objectives To compare three methods of intratubular contamination that simulate endodontic infections using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Material and Methods Two pre-existing models of dentinal contamination were used to induce intratubular infection (groups A and B). These methods were modified in an attempt to improve the model (group C). Among the modifications it may be included: specimen contamination for five days, ultrasonic bath with BHI broth after specimen sterilization, use of E. faecalisduring the exponential growth phase, greater concentration of inoculum, and two cycles of centrifugation on alternate days with changes of culture media. All specimens were longitudinally sectioned and stained with of LIVE/DEAD® for 20 min. Specimens were assessed using CLSM, which provided images of the depth of viable bacterial proliferation inside the dentinal tubules. Additionally, three examiners used scores to classify the CLSM images according to the following parameters: homogeneity, density, and depth of the bacterial contamination inside the dentinal tubules. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests were used to evaluate the live and dead cells rates, and the scores obtained. Results The contamination scores revealed higher contamination levels in group C when compared with groups A and B (p<0.05). No differences were observed between group A and B (p>0.05). The volume of live cells in group C was higher than in groups A and B (p<0.05). Conclusion The new protocol for intratubular infection resulted in high and uniform patterns of bacterial contamination and higher cell viability in all specimens when compared with the current methods.

A new improved protocol for in vitro intratubular dentinal bacterial contamination for antimicrobial endodontic tests: standardization and validation by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

OBJECTIVES: To compare three methods of intratubular contamination that simulate endodontic infections using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two pre-existing models of dentinal contamination were used to induce intratubular infection (groups A and B). These methods were modified in an attempt to improve the model (group C). Among the modifications it may be included: specimen contamination for five days, ultrasonic bath with BHI broth after specimen sterilization, use of E. faecalisduring the exponential growth phase, greater concentration of inoculum, and two cycles of centrifugation on alternate days with changes of culture media. All specimens were longitudinally sectioned and stained with of LIVE/DEAD for 20 min. Specimens were assessed using CLSM, which provided images of the depth of viable bacterial proliferation inside the dentinal tubules. Additionally, three examiners used scores to classify the CLSM images according to the following parameters: homogeneity, density, and depth of the bacterial contamination inside the dentinal tubules. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used to evaluate the live and dead cells rates, and the scores obtained. RESULTS: The contamination scores revealed higher contamination levels in group C when compared with groups A and B (p<0.05). No differences were observed between group A and B (p>0.05). The volume of live cells in group C was higher than in groups A and B (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The new protocol for intratubular infection resulted in high and uniform patterns of bacterial contamination and higher cell viability in all specimens when compared with the current methods.

Efeitos de diferentes aditivos sobre as propriedades antimicrobianas, físicas e químicas do agregado trióxido mineral (MTA) / Effects of various additives on antimicrobial, physical and chemical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)

Objetivo: verificar a ação antimicrobiana, solubilidade, tempo de presa, escoamento, pH, liberação de cálcio e característica da superfície do MTA associado as substancias hipoclorito de sodio gel a 1%, clorexidina gel a 2%, água destilada associada a 10% de propilenoglicol (CCPG), K-Y gel, solução salina e, por fim, água destilada. Métodos: para o teste antimicrobiano, utilizou-se o Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecalis e Candida albicans, por meio do método de contato direto. Para avaliação do tempo de presa e escoamento, foram utilizadas as especificações ASTM 266/08 e ADA 57/2007. Para o pH e liberação de cálcio, os materiais foram inseridos em cavidades retrogradas de dentes de resina acrílica e imersos em água ultrapura, para avaliação em diferentes períodos, utilizando um pHmetro e um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica. Para a analise das características de superfície, os dentes de acrílico foram analisados com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Resultados: os resultados dos testes antimicrobianos mostraram que os diferentes aditivos associados ao MTA apresentaram maior propriedade inibitória do que bactericida, sendo que a clorexidina apresentou os melhores resultados. As amostras que utilizaram o K-Y gel como veiculo apresentaram maiores índices de solubilidade. Houve diferença estatística entre os grupos (p > 0,05) quanto ao escoamento. O grupo que utilizou o CCPG apresentou o menor tempo de presa. O grupo K-Y apresentou os menores pH e liberação de cálcio no período de três horas. Nos outros períodos, houve maior uniformidade entre os grupos. Com relação as características da superfície, o grupo CCPG apresentou a maior porosidade (p < 0,05). Conclusão: o único veiculo avaliado que proporcionou alguma melhora no efeito antimicrobiano foi a clorexidina gel a 2%. Ja o K-Y gel interferiu nas propriedades físico-químicas do MTA, e a adição de CCPG proporcionou a maior porosidade.

Ventilatory weaning practices in intensive care units in the city of Cali.

OBJECTIVE: Early weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the primary goals in managing critically ill patients. There are various techniques and measurement parameters for such weaning. The objective of this study was to describe the practices of ventilatory weaning in adult intensive care units in the city of Cali. METHODS: A survey of 32 questions (some multiple choice) evaluating weaning practices was distributed to physiotherapists and respiratory therapists working in intensive care units, to be answered anonymously. RESULTS: The most common strategy for the parameter set was the combination of continuous positive airway pressure with pressure support (78%), with a large variability in pressure levels, the most common range being 6 to 8 cm H2O. The most common weaning parameters were as follows: tidal volume (92.6%), respiratory rate (93.3%) and oxygen saturation (90.4%). The most common waiting time for registration of the parameters was >15 minutes (40%). The measurements were preferably obtained from the ventilator display. CONCLUSION: The methods and measurement parameters of ventilatory weaning vary greatly. The most commonly used method was continuous positive airway pressure with more pressure support and the most commonly used weaning parameters were the measured tidal volume and respiratory rate.

Prácticas de destete ventilatorio en las unidades de cuidado intensivo de la ciudad de Cali / Ventilatory weaning practices in intensive care units in the city of Cali

Objetivo: El destete temprano de la ventilación mecánica es uno de los objetivos primordiales en el manejo del paciente crítico. Existen diversas técnicas y parámetros de medida para realizarlo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las prácticas del destete ventilatorio en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto en la ciudad de Cali. Métodos: Una encuesta de 32 preguntas; algunas de múltiple escogencia, que evaluaron las prácticas del destete, fue distribuida entre los fisioterapeutas y terapeutas respiratorios que trabajaban en unidades de cuidado intensivo, para ser respondida de forma anónima. Resultados: La estrategia más frecuente para el registro de parámetros fue la combinación de presión positiva continua con presión de soporte (78%), con gran variabilidad en los niveles de presión, siendo el rango más frecuente de 6 a 8cmH2O. Los parámetros de destete más registrados fueron: el volumen corriente (92,6%), la frecuencia respiratoria (93,3%) y la saturación de oxígeno (90,4%). El tiempo de espera más frecuente para el registro de los parámetros fue >15 minutos (40%). Las medidas se realizaron preferentemente con el display del ventilador. Conclusion: Existe una gran variabilidad sobre los métodos y la medición de los parámetros de destete ventilatorio. El método más utilizado fue presión positiva continua en la vía aérea más presión de soporte y los parámetros de destete más usados fueron la medición del volumen corriente y la frecuencia respiratoria. .

Objective: Early weaning from mechanical ventilation is one of the primary goals in managing critically ill patients. There are various techniques and measurement parameters for such weaning. The objective of this study was to describe the practices of ventilatory weaning in adult intensive care units in the city of Cali. Methods: A survey of 32 questions (some multiple choice) evaluating weaning practices was distributed to physiotherapists and respiratory therapists working in intensive care units, to be answered anonymously. Results: The most common strategy for the parameter set was the combination of continuous positive airway pressure with pressure support (78%), with a large variability in pressure levels, the most common range being 6 to 8cmH2O. The most common weaning parameters were as follows: tidal volume (92.6%), respiratory rate (93.3%) and oxygen saturation (90.4%). The most common waiting time for registration of the parameters was >15 minutes (40%). The measurements were preferably obtained from the ventilator display. Conclusion: The methods and measurement parameters of ventilatory weaning vary greatly. The most commonly used method was continuous positive airway pressure with more pressure support and the most commonly used weaning parameters were the measured tidal volume and respiratory rate. .

Influência da agitação ultrassônica na ação antimicrobiana de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio e própolis / Influence of ultrasonic activation on intradentinal antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide pastes

O objetivo foi avaliar a influência da agitação ultrassônica (U) na atividade antimicrobiana e penetrabilidade de pastas de hidróxido de cálcio (HC) em propilenoglicol, com ou sem extrato etanólico de própolis (EEP) em propilenoglicol a 10%, através da Microscopia Confocal de Varredura a Laser (MCVL) e cultura microbiológica (CM). Para isso setenta e dois tubos de dentina bovina padronizados foram infectados com Enterococcus faecalis em caldo BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) utilizando um novo protocolo de contaminação com dois ciclos de centrifugação por 5 dias. Durante o período experimental os espécimes foram divididos em 4 grupos e preenchidos com as medicações a seguir: Grupo1- HC, Grupo 2 HC + EEP, Grupo 3 HC + U e Grupo 4 HC + EEP + U. A agitação ultrassônica foi realizada durante 1 minuto nas direções vestíbulo-lingual e mésio-distal, com o auxílio de um inserto liso. As medicações permaneceram no interior dos espécimes por 15 dias. A MCVL analisou as bactérias viáveis (verde) e mortas (vermelho), com o auxílio do corante Live and Dead® nos tubos de dentina após o período de medicação. A contagem de Unidades Formadoras de Colônia (UFCs) foi realizada a partir da cultura microbiológica (CM). As raspas de dentina foram coletadas e diluídas para semeadura em placas de Petri com ágar BHI. Para a penetração foi utilizado o corante Rodamina B durante a manipulação das pastas de HC e as análises feitas por MCVL. O grupo 1 (HC) mostrou a maior viabilidade bacteriana nos tubos de dentina contaminados e o grupo 4 (HC + EEP +U) a menor. A agitação ultrassônica (U) reduziu significativamente a viabilidade bacteriana para todos os grupos. A pasta de HC + EEP mostrou-se mais eficaz que aquela somente com HC (p<0,05%). Concluiu-se que a agitação ultrassônica das pastas de HC aumentou sua atividade antimicrobiana e possibilitou maior penetração intratubular, com preenchimento de túbulos dentinários.

The purpose was to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic agitation (U) on the antimicrobial potential and penetrability of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes with or without the ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) in propylene glycol (10%) using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and microbiological cultures (MC) of infected dentin. Seventy two cylindrical dentin specimens were infected with Enterococcus faecalis in BHI broth using a new contamination protocol for 5 days with centrifugations. During the experimental period, the specimens were divided into 4 groups and dressed with the following: Group1- CH paste, Group 2 - CH + EEP, Group 3 CH + U and Group 4 CH + EEP + U. The ultrasonic activation was made during 1 minute in both directions (buccal-lingual / mesio-distal), with the aid of plain point insertion. The medications remained in the root canals for 15 days. The CLSM analyzed the viable (green) and dead (red) bacteria in the infected dentinal tubules, with Live and Dead dye. The colony forming units (CFUs) count was made possible with the MC method. The dentinal wall debris were collected and diluted to be seeded on Petri BHI-agar plates. For the penetration test, the dye Rodamine B was added to CH pastes during the manipulation and analysed by CLSM. Group 1 (CH) showed the greatest bacteria viability in the infected dentinal tubes and Group 4 (CH + EEP+ U) the lowest. Ultrasonic activation created a significant reduction of bacteria viability for all groups. The CH + EEP paste was more bactericidal than the CH (p< 0.05%). It was possible to conclude that ultrasonic activation of CH pastes increased the antimicrobial action and was responsible for better intradentinal penetration with fulfilling of the dentinal tubules.

Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en la población adulta de la ciudad de Olavarría, Buenos Aires / Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the adult population of the city of Olavarría, Buenos Aires

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) constituyen la primera causa de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel nacional. Varios factores de riesgo (FR) se han reconocido como responsables del aumento de ECV y reflejan cambios en los hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y en el consumo del tabaco. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la primera causa de mortalidad en Olavarría. Con el objeto de establecer la línea de base de prevalencia de los FR de ECV, se desarrolló un relevamiento a partir de la aplicación de un modelo de encuesta estandarizado y validado. Se diseñó una muestra representativa de la población. Los resultados muestran las siguientes prevalencias de los factores de riesgo de ECV en la población adulta (18-65 años): tabaquismo 34 por ciento, sedentarismo 32 por ciento, hipertensión 25 por ciento, sobrepeso 24 por ciento, colesterol elevado 13 por ciento y diabetes 5 por ciento. Muchos factores estuvieron asociados, lo cual significa que se comparten dos o más FR al mismo tiempo. La metodología empleada hace posible no sólo establecer la línea de base poblacional para medir el impacto de programas preventivos y futuras intervenciones destinadas a reducir los FRECV, sino, más aún, hacer comparaciones con otras poblaciones que empleen el mismo esquema propuesto.

Factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en la población adulta de la ciudad de Olavarría, Buenos Aires / Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the adult population of the city of Olavarría, Buenos Aires

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) constituyen la primera causa de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel nacional. Varios factores de riesgo (FR) se han reconocido como responsables del aumento de ECV y reflejan cambios en los hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y en el consumo del tabaco. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la primera causa de mortalidad en Olavarría. Con el objeto de establecer la línea de base de prevalencia de los FR de ECV, se desarrolló un relevamiento a partir de la aplicación de un modelo de encuesta estandarizado y validado. Se diseñó una muestra representativa de la población. Los resultados muestran las siguientes prevalencias de los factores de riesgo de ECV en la población adulta (18-65 años): tabaquismo 34 por ciento, sedentarismo 32 por ciento, hipertensión 25 por ciento, sobrepeso 24 por ciento, colesterol elevado 13 por ciento y diabetes 5 por ciento. Muchos factores estuvieron asociados, lo cual significa que se comparten dos o más FR al mismo tiempo. La metodología empleada hace posible no sólo establecer la línea de base poblacional para medir el impacto de programas preventivos y futuras intervenciones destinadas a reducir los FRECV, sino, más aún, hacer comparaciones con otras poblaciones que empleen el mismo esquema propuesto.(AU)

Asociación entre conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos en estudiantes de enfermería y medicina de la Universidad El Bosque / Association between knowledge and contraception methods use in students of nurse and medicine at University El Bosque

Para determinar la asociación entre el conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos en estudiantes de enfermeria y medicina matriculados en la Universidad El Bosque de Bogotá en el segundo periodo 2005, se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Para la recolección de la información se elaboró un instrumento previa prueba piloto, que contaba de 27 items las cuales evaluaban conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos. La muestra incluyó 296 estudiantes seleccionados por muestreo probabilistico estratificado quienes aceptaron participar voluntariamente, mediante la aceptación del consentimiento informado, según la resolución No. 008430 de 1993, expedida por el Ministerio de Salud. La prevalencia de conocimiento parcial sobre métodos anticonceptivos fue del 67/100 (IC 95/100, 62/100-72/100) y de uso de métodos anticonceptivos fue de 44/100 (IC 95/100, 38/100-50/100). Se encontró asociación entre conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos (chi cuadrado de Pearson p=0.03) con un nivel de significancia para las pruebas del 95/100